United States Dollar Index advances on Fed rate cut bets
- US Dollar Index gains support as expectations rise for a Fed rate hike.
- The CME FedWatch tool shows that markets are pricing in a 63.4% probability of an interest rate increase in September.
- US PCE inflation surges to 4.1% in May amid Middle East oil shocks, keeping rate hikes on the table.
The US Dollar Index (DXY), which measures the value of the US Dollar (USD) against six major currencies, pares its recent losses from the previous day and is trading around 101.50 during the Asian hours on Friday. Traders will likely observe the release of the Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index report due to be released later in the day.
The Greenback finds support from growing expectations of a Federal Reserve (Fed) rate hike. According to the CME FedWatch tool, markets have priced in a 63.4% probability that the Fed will raise interest rates during its September 15–16 meeting.
This hawkish sentiment is fueled by accelerating inflation data, with the headline Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) Price Index climbing to 4.1% year-over-year in May, up from 3.3% in April. This surge, the first time the headline figure has breached 4.0% in three years, is largely attributed to rising energy prices stemming from the Middle East conflict, keeping the prospect of further rate increases this year firmly on the table.
Furthermore, the Fed’s preferred inflation gauge, the core PCE index, rose to 3.4% year-over-year from the previous 3.3%. This represents the highest annual core reading since October 2023.
BMO Chief US Economist Scott Anderson noted that high PCE inflation will keep the Fed on hold, with upcoming rate hikes still possible. He warned that stubborn service inflation won't be easily lowered by falling energy prices, ensuring ongoing intense debate between monetary hawks and doves.
US Dollar FAQs
The US Dollar (USD) is the official currency of the United States of America, and the ‘de facto’ currency of a significant number of other countries where it is found in circulation alongside local notes. It is the most heavily traded currency in the world, accounting for over 88% of all global foreign exchange turnover, or an average of $6.6 trillion in transactions per day, according to data from 2022. Following the second world war, the USD took over from the British Pound as the world’s reserve currency. For most of its history, the US Dollar was backed by Gold, until the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1971 when the Gold Standard went away.
The most important single factor impacting on the value of the US Dollar is monetary policy, which is shaped by the Federal Reserve (Fed). The Fed has two mandates: to achieve price stability (control inflation) and foster full employment. Its primary tool to achieve these two goals is by adjusting interest rates. When prices are rising too quickly and inflation is above the Fed’s 2% target, the Fed will raise rates, which helps the USD value. When inflation falls below 2% or the Unemployment Rate is too high, the Fed may lower interest rates, which weighs on the Greenback.
In extreme situations, the Federal Reserve can also print more Dollars and enact quantitative easing (QE). QE is the process by which the Fed substantially increases the flow of credit in a stuck financial system. It is a non-standard policy measure used when credit has dried up because banks will not lend to each other (out of the fear of counterparty default). It is a last resort when simply lowering interest rates is unlikely to achieve the necessary result. It was the Fed’s weapon of choice to combat the credit crunch that occurred during the Great Financial Crisis in 2008. It involves the Fed printing more Dollars and using them to buy US government bonds predominantly from financial institutions. QE usually leads to a weaker US Dollar.
Quantitative tightening (QT) is the reverse process whereby the Federal Reserve stops buying bonds from financial institutions and does not reinvest the principal from the bonds it holds maturing in new purchases. It is usually positive for the US Dollar.
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