Euro weakens against US Dollar amid Middle East tensions
- EUR/USD depreciates as rising geopolitical tensions in the Strait of Hormuz disrupt global markets.
- Market caution rises as Iran considers banning US and Israeli ships and penalizing hostile cargo until blockades lift.
- Rebounding oil prices threaten expectations that falling energy costs would ease pressure on the ECB to cut rates.
EUR/USD extends its losses for the second consecutive day, trading around 1.1520 during the Asian hours on Friday. The currency pair faces downward pressure as the US Dollar (USD) gains strength, propelled by renewed safe-haven demand among global investors.
Escalating tensions in the Strait of Hormuz have rattled market stability and created significant skepticism regarding the reopening of this critical shipping route. Market caution remains elevated as Iran's parliament evaluates a draft proposal that seeks to prohibit US and Israeli vessels, levy a 20% cargo penalty on hostile nations, and maintain restrictions on the corridor until the US blockade is removed.
Adding to the market volatility, rising US Treasury yields and a rebound in crude oil prices have stoked fears that the Federal Reserve might implement another interest rate hike next month. Despite these inflationary signals, the CME FedWatch Tool currently reflects a 54.5% probability of a 25-basis-point rate increase in September, down from 63.4% last week. Investors and traders are now closely eyeing the upcoming July Nonfarm Payrolls (NFP) report to gauge the health of the labor market and better anticipate the Fed's monetary policy path.
Across the Atlantic, economic indicators in the Euro Area present a challenging backdrop. Eurozone Retail Sales unexpectedly contracted by 0.3% month-on-month in June, missing market projections for a 0.1% growth and almost completely unwinding May's revised 0.4% gain. On an annual basis, Retail Sales rose by merely 0.7%, the weakest performance since July 2024, falling short of the expected 1.0% expansion and decelerating sharply from May's 1.9% increase.
Furthermore, the recovery in oil prices could dampen hopes that declining energy costs would alleviate pressure on central banks to keep policy tight. Following the European Central Bank's (ECB) decision to hold interest rates steady at its most recent meeting, markets expect only one more ECB rate hike by the end of the year, alongside a roughly 40% chance of a second increase.
Kocher flags autumn data focus as geopolitical risks cloud Euro inflation
ECB's Kocher scores 5.6/10 on FXS Speechtracker, below the historic average of 6.3/10, pointing to a slightly less forceful tone than usual. The emphasis on how quickly geopolitical developments can alter energy prices and the inflation outlook highlights upside risks to Euro-area prices, which leans modestly hawkish despite the softer score.
The commitment that in autumn the ECB Governing Council will base decisions on incoming data to bring Euro-area inflation back to 2% on a sustainable basis reinforces a data-dependent but vigilant stance. Overall, the speech suggests a cautious hawkish bias, with Kocher keeping the door open to renewed tightening or a slower easing path if energy-driven inflation pressures re-emerge.
Euro FAQs
The Euro is the currency for the 20 European Union countries that belong to the Eurozone. It is the second most heavily traded currency in the world behind the US Dollar. In 2022, it accounted for 31% of all foreign exchange transactions, with an average daily turnover of over $2.2 trillion a day. EUR/USD is the most heavily traded currency pair in the world, accounting for an estimated 30% off all transactions, followed by EUR/JPY (4%), EUR/GBP (3%) and EUR/AUD (2%).
The European Central Bank (ECB) in Frankfurt, Germany, is the reserve bank for the Eurozone. The ECB sets interest rates and manages monetary policy. The ECB’s primary mandate is to maintain price stability, which means either controlling inflation or stimulating growth. Its primary tool is the raising or lowering of interest rates. Relatively high interest rates – or the expectation of higher rates – will usually benefit the Euro and vice versa. The ECB Governing Council makes monetary policy decisions at meetings held eight times a year. Decisions are made by heads of the Eurozone national banks and six permanent members, including the President of the ECB, Christine Lagarde.
Eurozone inflation data, measured by the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP), is an important econometric for the Euro. If inflation rises more than expected, especially if above the ECB’s 2% target, it obliges the ECB to raise interest rates to bring it back under control. Relatively high interest rates compared to its counterparts will usually benefit the Euro, as it makes the region more attractive as a place for global investors to park their money.
Data releases gauge the health of the economy and can impact on the Euro. Indicators such as GDP, Manufacturing and Services PMIs, employment, and consumer sentiment surveys can all influence the direction of the single currency. A strong economy is good for the Euro. Not only does it attract more foreign investment but it may encourage the ECB to put up interest rates, which will directly strengthen the Euro. Otherwise, if economic data is weak, the Euro is likely to fall. Economic data for the four largest economies in the euro area (Germany, France, Italy and Spain) are especially significant, as they account for 75% of the Eurozone’s economy.
Another significant data release for the Euro is the Trade Balance. This indicator measures the difference between what a country earns from its exports and what it spends on imports over a given period. If a country produces highly sought after exports then its currency will gain in value purely from the extra demand created from foreign buyers seeking to purchase these goods. Therefore, a positive net Trade Balance strengthens a currency and vice versa for a negative balance.
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